(Probably one of my favorite characters)Publication history
Writer Joe Simon conceived the idea for Captain America, which was refined by his partner, artist Jack Kirby, in 1941. Captain America was a consciously political creation. Simon and Kirby were morally repulsed by the actions of
Nazi Germany in the years leading up to the United States' involvement in World War II and felt war was inevitable. Simon later said, "The opponents to the war were all quite well organized. We wanted to have our say too." Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941) — on sale in December 1940, a year before the bombing of
Pearl Harbor, and already showing the protagonist punching Nazi leader
Adolf Hitler in the jaw — sold nearly one million copies. While most readers responded favorably to the comic, some isolationists and Nazi sympathizers took objection. Simon noted, "When the first issue came out we got a lot of . . . threatening letters and hate mail. Some people really opposed what Cap stood for." Though preceded as a "patriotically themed superhero" by
MLJ's The Shield, Captain America immediately became the most prominent and enduring of that wave of superheroes introduced in American comic books prior to and during
World War II. With his sidekick
Bucky, Captain America faced
Nazis,
Japanese and other threats to wartime America and the
Allies. Captain America soon became Timely's most popular character and even had a fanclub called the "Sentinels of Liberty." Circulation figures remained close to a million copies per month after the debut issue, which outstripped even the circulation of news magazines like
Time during the period.
Comic Art Convention program book featuring
Joe Simon's original 1940 sketch of Captain America.
After the Simon & Kirby team moved to DC late 1941, having produced Captain America Comics through issue #10 (Jan. 1942),
Al Avison and
Syd Shores became regular
pencilers of the celebrated title, with one generally
inking over the other.
In the post-war era, with the popularity of superheroes fading, Captain America led Timely/Marvel's first superhero team, the
All-Winners Squad, in its two published adventures, in the unhyphenated
All Winners Comics #19 & 21 (Fall-Winter 1946; there was no issue #20). After Bucky was shot and wounded in a 1948 Captain America story, he was succeeded by Captain America's girlfriend Betsy Ross, who became the superheroine
Golden Girl. Captain America Comics ended with #75 (Feb. 1950), by which time the series had been titled Captain America's Weird Tales for two issues, with the finale a horror/suspense anthology issue with no superheroes.
Marvel's 1950s iteration
Atlas Comics attempted to revive its superhero titles when it reintroduced Captain America, along with the original Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner, in Young Men #24 (Dec. 1953). Billed as "Captain America, Commie Smasher!", Captain America appeared several times during the next year in Young Men and Men's Adventures, as well as in three issues of an eponymous title. Atlas' attempted superhero revival was a commercial failure, and the character's title was canceled with Captain America #78 (Sept. 1954).
Revival in the Silver Age
In the
Human Torch story titled "Captain America" in Marvel Comics'
Strange Tales #114 (Nov. 1963), writer-editor
Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter
Jack Kirby depicted the brash young
Fantastic Four member Johnny Storm, the Human Torch, in an exhibition performance with Captain America, described as a legendary
World War II and 1950s superhero who has returned after many years of apparent retirement. The 13-page story ends with this Captain America revealed as an impostor: the villain the Acrobat, a former circus performer the Torch had defeated in Strange Tales #106. Afterward, Storm digs out an old comic book in which Captain America is shown to be Steve Rogers. A caption in the final panel says this story was a test to see if readers would like Captain America to return.
Captain America was formally reintroduced a few months later in
The Avengers #4 (March 1964), which explained that in the final days of WWII, Captain America fell from an experimental
drone plane into the
North Atlantic Ocean and spent decades frozen in a state of
suspended animation. He quickly became leader of that superhero team. Following the success of other Marvel characters introduced during the 1960s, Captain America was recast as a hero "haunted by past memories, and trying to adapt to 1960s society."
After then guest-starring in the feature "
Iron Man" in
Tales of Suspense #58 (Oct. 1964), Captain America gained his own solo feature in that "split book", beginning the following issue. Kirby, Captain America's co-creator during the 1940s period fans and historians call the
Golden Age of comic books was illustrating his hero's solo adventures again for the first time since 1941. Issue #63 (March 1965), which retold Captain America's origin, through #71 (Nov. 1965) was a period feature set during World War II and co-starred Captain America's Golden Age sidekick,
Bucky.
In the 1970s, the post-war versions of Captain America were
retconned into separate, successive characters who briefly took up the mantle of Captain America after Steve Rogers went into
suspended animation near the end of World War II. The hero found a new generation of readers as leader of the all-star superhero team the Avengers, and in a new solo feature beginning in
Tales of Suspense #59 (Nov. 1964), a "split book" shared with the feature "
Iron Man". Kirby drew all but two of the stories in Tales of Suspense, which became Captain America with #100 (April 1968);
Gil Kane and
John Romita Sr. each filled-in once. Several stories were finished by penciler-inker
George Tuska over Kirby layouts, with one finished by Romita Sr. and another by penciler
Dick Ayers and inker
John Tartaglione. Kirby's regular inkers on the series were
Frank Giacoia (as "Frank Ray") and
Joe Sinnott, though
Don Heck and Golden Age Captain America artist
Syd Shores inked one story each. (Iron Man received his own, separate series.) The new title Captain America continued to feature artwork by Kirby, as well as a short run by
Jim Steranko, and work by many of the industry's top artists and writers.
This series — considered Captain America vol. 1 by comics researchers and historians, following the 1940s Captain America Comics and its 1950s numbering continuation — ended with #454 (Aug. 1996). It was almost immediately followed by the 13-issue Captain America vol. 2 (Nov. 1996 - Nov. 1997), the 50-issue Captain America vol. 3 (Jan. 1998 - Feb. 2002), the 32-issue Captain America vol. 4 (June 2002 - Dec. 2004) and Captain America vol. 5 (Jan. 2005 - ).
As part of the aftermath of Marvel Comics' company crossover "
Civil War", Steve Rogers was killed in Captain America vol 5 #25 (April 2007). Series writer
Ed Brubaker remarked:
“What I found is that all the really hard-core left-wing fans want Cap to be standing out on and giving speeches on the street corner against the
George W. Bush administration, and all the really right-wing fans all want him to be over in the streets of
Baghdad, punching out
Saddam Hussein."”
Marvel Entertainment Editor-in-Chief
Joe Quesada commented, however, that a Captain America comeback was not impossible. The character's death came as a blow to co-creator
Joe Simon, who said, "It's a hell of a time for him to go. We really need him now."
In reaction to dialogue between two characters in another Marvel comic released the same day, Marvel issued a press release that said "comments from
Ms. Marvel in ... Civil War: The Initiative, which seemed to indicate that Captain America is still alive, and being held prisoner by the Pro-Registration forces, may not have been exactly what they seemed on the surface ... yes, Captain America, Steve Rogers, is dead." The release also stated that the Captain America series would continue.
Marvel has announced that the Captain America from the 1940s will visit the present day in a 12 issue series created by Alex Ross.
Fictional character biography
1940s—Operation: Rebirth
Captain America Comics#1 (March 1941). Cover art by
Jack Kirby (pencils) &
Joe Simon (inks).
Steve Rogers is born on July 4, 1917 in the
Lower East Side of Manhattan,
New York City, to Irish immigrants Sarah and Joseph Rogers. By the early 1940s, before America's entry into
World War II, Rogers is a tall but scrawny
fine arts student specializing in illustration. Disturbed by the rise of the
Third Reich, Rogers attempts to enlist, only to be rejected due to his poor constitution. A U.S. Army officer looking for test subjects offers Rogers the chance to serve his country by taking part in a top-secret defense project — Operation: Rebirth, which seeks to develop a means of creating physically superior soldiers. Rogers volunteers for the research and, after a rigorous selection process, is chosen as the first human test subject for the
Super-Soldier serum developed by the scientist "Dr. Reinstein," later
retroactively changed to a code name for the scientist Emil Erskine.
Later stories reveal that Rogers is not the first to be given the Super-Soldier formula. The night before Rogers receives the Super-Soldier formula, some military members of the project decide that a non-soldier is not the right candidate and secretly give Erskine's incomplete formula to Clinton McIntyre. This, however, makes McIntyre violently insane, and he is subdued and placed in cold storage. The criminal organization
AIM later revives McIntyre as the homicidal
Protocide.
The night that Operation: Rebirth is implemented, Rogers receives injections and oral ingestions of the Super-Soldier formula. He is then exposed to a controlled burst of "Vita-Rays" that activate and stabilize the chemicals in his system. Although the process is arduous physically, it successfully alters his physiology almost instantly from its relatively frail form to the maximum of human efficiency, greatly enhancing his musculature and reflexes. Erskine declares Rogers to be the first of a new breed of man, a "nearly perfect human being."
At that moment, a Nazi
spy reveals himself and shoots Erskine. Because the scientist had committed the crucial portions of the Super-Soldier formula to memory, it cannot be duplicated. Rogers kills the spy in retaliation and vows to oppose the enemies of America.
The
United States government, making the most of its one super-soldier, reimagines him as a superhero who serves as both a
counter-intelligence agent and a
propaganda symbol to counter Nazi
Germany's head of terrorist operations, the
Red Skull. To that end, Rogers is given a uniform modeled after the
American flag (based on Rogers's own sketches) a
bulletproof shield, a personal
side arm, and the codename Captain America. He is also given a cover identity as a clumsy
infantry private at
Camp Lehigh in Virginia. Barely out of his teens himself, Rogers makes friends with the camp's teenage
mascot James Buchanan "Bucky" Barnes.
Promotional art for Captain America vol. 5,#5 (May 2005), with fellow
Invaders the
Sub-Mariner and the original
Human Torch. Pencils by
Steve Epting.
Barnes accidentally learns of Roger's
dual identity and offers to keep the secret if he can become Captain America's
sidekick. Rogers agrees and trains Barnes. Rogers meets President
Franklin D. Roosevelt, who presents him with a new shield made from a mixture of
steel and
vibranium, fused by an unknown catalyst. The alloy is indestructible, yet the shield is light enough to use as a
discus-like weapon that can be angled to return to him. It proves so effective that Captain America forgoes the sidearm. Throughout World War II, Captain America and Bucky fight the Nazi menace both on their own and as members of the superhero team
the Invaders (as seen in the 1970s comic of the same name).
In 1942 (after Rogers has become Captain America), a beta version of the formula is given to a group of
African-American soldiers as part of a military experiment by another scientist given the Reinstein code name;
Isaiah Bradley is the sole survivor. After the last two members of his group are killed, Bradley steals a uniform meant for Rogers and wears it on a suicide mission to destroy the Nazi super-soldier effort at a German concentration camp. Bradley is captured but the U.S. Army rescues and
court martials him. He is imprisoned for 17 years in
Leavenworth until pardoned by President
Eisenhower. By the time of his release, the long-term effects of the formula have turned Bradley into a hulking, sterile giant with the mentality of a seven-year-old. Rogers does not find out about Bradley until decades later. The
Patriot, a member of the
Young Avengers, is Bradley's grandson.
Further revelations later explain that Operation: Rebirth is funded and secretly a part of the
Weapon Plus program, a clandestine government organization devoted to the creation of superhumans to combat and exterminate mutants. Rogers is "Weapon I," the first-generation living weapon. Following his disappearance, subsequent phases involve experimentation on animals, racial minorities, criminals, and mutants, with results including
Wolverine and
Fantomex.
In 1945, during the closing days of World War II, Captain America and Bucky try to stop the villainous
Baron Zemo from destroying an experimental drone plane. Zemo launches the plane with an armed explosive on it, with Rogers and Barnes in hot pursuit. They reach the plane just before it takes off, but when Bucky tries to defuse the bomb, it explodes in mid-air. The young man is believed killed, and Rogers is hurled into the freezing waters of the North Atlantic. Neither body is found, and both are presumed dead.
Late 1940s–1950s: After Steve Rogers
Captain America#78 (Sept. 1954), featuring the first
Electro. Cover art by
John Romita Sr..
Fearing it would be a blow to American morale if Captain America's demise is revealed,
President Truman asks William Naslund, the patriotically costumed Golden Age hero the
Spirit of '76, to assume the role, with a young man named Fred Davis as Bucky. They continue to serve in the same roles after the war with the
All-Winners Squad, until the
android Adam II fatally injures Naslund in 1946. After Naslund's death, Jeff Mace, the Golden Age
Patriot, takes over as Captain America, with Davis continuing as Bucky; however, Davis is shot and injured in 1948 and forced to retire. Mace teams up with Betsy "Golden Girl" Ross, and sometime before 1953 gives up his Captain America identity to marry her. Mace develops
cancer and dies decades later.
In 1953, an
unnamed man (who later goes by the title "The Grand Director") who idolizes Captain America and who had done his American History
Ph.D. thesis on Rogers discovers Nazi files in a German warehouse, one of which contains the lost formula for the Super Soldier serum. He takes it to the United States government on the condition that they use it to make him the fourth Captain America. Needing a symbol for the
Korean War, they agree, and the man undergoes plastic surgery to look like Steve Rogers, even assuming his name. The war ends and the project is never completed. "Rogers" finds a teaching job at the Lee School, where he meets Jack Monroe, a young orphan who also idolizes Captain America. They use the formula on themselves and become the new Captain America and Bucky, this time fighting
Communism.
"Rogers" and Monroe do not know of and therefore do not undergo the "Vita-Ray" process, and the imperfect implementation of the formula in their systems makes them
paranoid. By the middle of 1954, they are irrationally attacking anyone they perceive to be a Communist. In 1955 the
FBI places them in suspended animation. The 1950s Captain America and Bucky are revived in the early 1970s, several years after the return of Steve Rogers. They go on another rampage and are defeated by the man after whom they had modeled themselves.
1960s–1970s: Return of Steve Rogers
The Avengers #4 (Mar. 1964).Cover art by
Jack Kirby &
George Roussos.
Years later, the superhero team the Avengers discovers Steve Rogers' body in the North Atlantic, his costume under his soldier's uniform and still carrying his shield. After he revives, they piece together that Rogers had been preserved in a block of ice since 1945. The block had begun to melt after the
Sub-Mariner, enraged that an
Arctic Inuit tribe is worshiping the frozen figure, throws it into the ocean. Rogers accepts membership in the Avengers, and although long out of his time, his considerable combat experience makes him a valuable asset to the team. He quickly assumes leadership, and has typically returned to that position throughout the team's history.
Captain America is plagued by guilt for being unable to prevent Bucky's death — a feeling that does not ease for some time. Although he takes the young
Rick Jones (who closely resembles Bucky) under his tutelage, he refuses for some time to allow Jones to take up the Bucky identity, not wishing to be responsible for another youth's death. Jones eventually convinces Rogers to let him don the Bucky costume, but this partnership lasts only a short time; a disguised
Red Skull, impersonating Rogers with the help of the
Cosmic Cube, drives Jones away.
Captain America#180 (Dec. 1974). Captain America becomes "Nomad". Cover art by
Gil Kane.
Rogers also reunites with his old war comrade
Nick Fury, who is similarly well preserved thanks to his
Infinity Formula ingestions. As a result, Rogers regularly undertakes missions for the security agency
S.H.I.E.L.D. for which Fury was executive director.
Rogers later meets and trains Sam Wilson, who becomes the superhero the
Falcon, one of the early
African-American superheroes in comic books. As a result, the pair have a partnership and friendship that has remained strong at varying levels to this day, (including sharing the title for some time as Captain America and the Falcon). The two later encounter the revived but still insane 1950s Captain America. Although Rogers and the Falcon defeat the faux Rogers and Jack Monroe, Rogers becomes deeply disturbed that he could have suffered his counterpart's fate.
The series also dealt with the
Marvel Universe's version of the
Watergate scandal, making Rogers so uncertain about his role that he abandons his Captain America identity in favor of one called
Nomad. During this time, several men unsuccessfully assume the Captain America identity. Rogers eventually re-assumes it after coming to consider that the identity could be a symbol of American ideals and not its government. Jack Monroe, cured of his mental instability, later takes up the Nomad alias. During this period, Rogers also temporarily gains super strength.
1980s
Captain America#350 (Feb. 1989): Rogers as The Captain vs. John Walker as Captain America. Cover art by
Kieron Dwyer &
Al Milgrom.
In the 1980s, in addition to runs from such acclaimed creators as
John Byrne, the series reveals the true face and full origin of the
Red Skull. Long-time writer
Mark Gruenwald explores numerous political and social themes, such as extreme idealism when Captain America fights the anti-nationalist terrorist
Flag-Smasher; and
vigilantism when he hunts the murderous
Scourge of the Underworld. The series also subtly addressed the issue of
homophobia when Captain America reunites up with a childhood friend named Arnold Roth who has long since known that Steve Rogers was Captain America. We first meet Roth in Captain America #270 and while the word "
homosexuality" is never said, Roth is living with another man, a school teacher who helped him overcome his gambling addiction, and is shown to be heartbroken when his roommate is murdered by Baron Zemo .
Rogers receives a large back-pay reimbursement dating back to his disappearance at the end of World War II, and a government commission orders him to work directly for the U.S. government. Already troubled by the corruption he had encountered with the
Nuke incident in
New York City, Rogers chooses instead to resign his identity and take the alias of "the Captain.” A replacement Captain America, John Walker, struggles to emulate Rogers' ideals until pressure from hidden enemies helps to drive Walker insane. Rogers returns to the Captain America identity while a recovered Walker becomes the
U.S. Agent.
1990s
Sometime afterward, Rogers avoids the explosion of a
methamphetamine lab, but the drug triggers a chemical reaction in the Super-Soldier serum in his system. To combat the reaction, Rogers has the serum removed from his body, and trains constantly to maintain his physical condition.
A
retcon later establishes that the serum was not a drug per se, which would have metabolized out of his system, but in fact a virus that effected a biochemical and genetic change. This additionally explained how archnemesis
Red Skull, who at the time inhabited a body
cloned from Rogers' cells, also has the formula in his body.
Because of his altered biochemistry, Rogers' body begins to deteriorate, and for a time he must wear a powered
exoskeleton and is eventually placed again in suspended animation. During this time, he is given a transfusion of blood from the
Red Skull, which cures his condition and stabilizes the Super-Soldier virus in his system. Captain America returns both to crime fighting and the Avengers.
21st century
Captain America with the Winter Soldier, after the latter has recovered his memories. Pencils by Steve Epting.
Rogers reveals his identity to the world, and establishes a residence in the
Red Hook neighborhood of
Brooklyn, New York.
Following the events of
Avengers Disassembled, again under the employ of
S.H.I.E.L.D., Rogers discovers that Bucky is alive, having been saved and deployed by Soviet espionage interests as the
Winter Soldier. It is revealed that Bucky was actually a 16-year-old operative who had been initially trained by the U.S. to perform missions that Rogers was not asked to do, such as covert assassinations conducted without Rogers' knowledge.
Rogers resumes his on-again, off-again relationship with
S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent
Sharon Carter.
In the 2006-2007 "
Civil War" crossover, Captain America opposes mandatory federal registration of all super-powered beings and leads the Anti-
Registration faction and resistance movement. He becomes a fugitive and opposes the heroes of the Pro-Registration group, including his former friend Iron Man. He adopts the alias "Brett Hendrick,” a
mall security guard, to avoid government detection. As the War continues, Cap enlists the assistance of several figures whom he would not choose to ally himself with under normal circumstances, such as the
Punisher and the Kingpin.
During the climactic battle between pro- and anti-Registration superheroes, Captain America confronts and batters Iron Man (whose armor has been disabled by the Vision)—victory is in his grasp. However, when a group of civilians attempt to restrain him, Rogers realizes that he is endangering the very people he has sworn to protect. He removes his mask, surrenders to authorities as Steve Rogers, and orders the anti-Registration forces to stand down. As Rogers is led away in handcuffs, the
Punisher retrieves Captain America's discarded mask.
Death
Captain America is shot. Art by
Steve Epting.
Following his surrender, Steve Rogers is indicted on multiple criminal charges. As he is brought to a federal courthouse, a sniper shoots him in the back. In the crowd chaos that ensues, he is wounded an additional three times by gunshots to the stomach and chest. Rogers is taken to a hospital, where he dies. The assassination, orchestrated by the Red Skull, involves Crossbones deployed as the sniper. In addition, Dr. Faustus, posing as a S.H.I.E.L.D. psychiatrist, gave Sharon Carter a hypnotic suggestion she believes caused her to shoot Rogers at a crucial moment.
The superhero community is shaken by the assassination. The Punisher adopts a costume similar to that of Captain America, while Winter Soldier and Wolverine seek to avenge his death. His shield is stolen by Winter Soldier. Captain America is publicly laid to rest in Arlington National Cemetery, under a monument built in his honor. The body in Arlington is a fake: Tony Stark, accompanied by Hank Pym and Janet Van Dyne, returns Steve Rogers' real body to the Arctic where he was found all those years ago, frozen in ice. Namor attends the small private ceremony and swears that as long as he rules the seas, no one shall disturb Captain America's rest.
(I think this is conjecture on the writers part. I have not heard this anywhere else. If someone has more info about this. I would be highly interested to know. Personally I would like to see Bucky/Winter Soldier take up the shield and become the new Captain America. But then again as a friend pointed out. Winter Soldier on his own is such a great character, that I would hate to lose the knid of character he is. Best of all would be if they just brought back Steve Rogers. His death being faked or hes is a coma or whatever.)Return
A version of Captain America from the past who has travelled through time will return in 2008, along with his team, the Invaders.
Powers and abilities
Steve Rogers' physical transformation, from a reprint of Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941). Art by Jack Kirby & Joe Simon.
Captain America has no superhuman powers, although as a result of the Super-Soldier serum, he is transformed from a frail young man into a "perfect" specimen of human development and conditioning. Captain America is as intelligent, strong, fast, agile, and durable as it is possible for a human being to be without being considered superhuman. He was once seen
bench-pressing 1100 pounds (500 kg) unassisted. The formula enhances all of his metabolic functions and prevents the build-up of fatigue poisons in his muscles, giving him endurance far in excess of an ordinary human being. This accounts for many of his extraordinary feats, including running a mile (1.6 km) in little more than a minute. Furthermore, his enhancements are the reason why he was able to survive being frozen in suspended animation for decades. Rogers is also unable to become intoxicated by alcohol and is immune to many diseases.
The "Streets of Poison" storyline established that Rogers' body regularly creates the super-soldier serum.
Mentally, Rogers' battle experience and training make him an expert
tactician and an excellent field commander, with his teammates frequently deferring to his orders in battle. Rogers' reflexes and senses are also extraordinarily keen. He is a master of multiple martial arts, including
boxing,
jujutsu,
aikido and
judo, combined with his virtually superhuman gymnastic ability into his own unique fighting style with advanced pressure-point fighting. Years of practice with his indestructible shield make it practically an extension of his own body, and he is able to aim and throw it with almost unerring accuracy. His skill with his shield is such that he can attack multiple targets in succession with a single throw by use of
ricochets, or even cause a
boomerang-like return from a throw to attack an enemy from behind. He is extremely skilled in hand-to-hand combat, sometimes taking on and defeating foes whose strength, size, or other powers greatly exceed his own. In the comics, he is regarded by other skilled fighters as one of the best hand-to-hand combatants in the Marvel Universe.
Rogers has vast
U.S. military knowledge and is often shown to be familiar with ongoing, highly-classified Defense Department operations. Despite his high profile as one of the world's most popular and recognizable superheroes, Rogers also has a broad understanding of the espionage community, largely through his ongoing relationship with
S.H.I.E.L.D.. He occasionally makes forays into mundane career fields, including commercial arts, comic book artistry, education (high school history) and law enforcement.
Weapons and equipment
Further information:
Captain America's shieldCaptain America uses several shields throughout his history, the most recognizable of which is a nigh-indestructible
discus-shaped shield made from a fusion of
Vibranium with an experimental steel
alloy. This alloy was created by accident and never duplicated, although efforts to reverse-engineer it resulted in the creation of
adamantium. Cable reveals to Captain America that this shield still exists in one of the possible futures; Cable carries it into battle and brandishes it as a symbol. Captain America often uses his shield as an offensive throwing weapon. The first instance of Captain America's trademark ricocheting shield-toss occurs in future Marvel editor-in-chief
Stan Lee's first comics writing, the two-page text story "Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge" in Captain America Comics #3 (May 1941).
Captain America's uniform is made of a fire-retardant material, and he wears a lightweight "duralumin"
scale armor beneath his uniform for added protection. Originally, Rogers' mask was a separate piece of material, but an early engagement had it dislodged, thus almost exposing his identity. To prevent a recurrence of the situation, Rogers modified the mask with connecting material to his uniform, an added benefit of which was extending his armor to cover his previously exposed neck. Since then, events have forced him to reveal his identity to the world. As a member of the Avengers, Rogers has an Avengers priority card, which serves as a communications device.
Characters who have used the "Captain America" name
Numerous individuals have claimed the "Captain America" title at one time or another in the Marvel Universe. These include:
Steven Rogers, an ancestor of Steve Rogers who is shown to have had the nickname "Captain America" during the
American Revolutionary War in Captain America: Sentinel of Liberty #6 and
Hellfire Club #2
Isaiah Bradley, a supersoldier serum test subject who briefly wears the Captain America costume in the 2004 limited series Truth: Red White and Black which is set in the early 1940s.
Clinton McIntyre,
Protocide, a character who goes through the super soldier process the night before Steve Rogers in Captain America Annual 2000. Though he later wears a patriotic costume, he never goes by the title "Captain America".
Steve Rogers (the first Captain America), debuted in Captain America Comics #1, and was the most recent title holder until his recent death.
William Naslund, The
Spirit of '76, replaced Rogers in the role in 1945 in
What If? #4.
Jeff Mace, the Patriot, replaced Naslund in the role in 1947 in What If? #4.
The 1950s
anti-communist Cap whose real name is as yet unrevealed, though he later went by "Steve Rogers" and "the Grand Director". In Captain America #155, he was revealed to have been the Steve Rogers/Captain America who appeared in comics published during the 1950s.
In
Strange Tales #114 Carl Zante formerly known as the villainous Acrobat, attempts to create a criminal career disguised as Captain America. His escapades are brought to a quick close by his old nemesis
The Human TorchIn
Tales of Suspense #96 a number of unnamed individuals try unsuccessfully to assume the Captain America role after Rogers announces his retirement.
In Captain America: Sentinel of Liberty #8-9, Sam Wilson (
The Falcon) briefly takes on the identity in a two-part
retcon story, set in between other Captain America stories which were first published in the early 1970s.
Bob Russo, calls himself "Captain America" briefly in Captain America #178-179 (October - November, 1974).
"Scar" Turpin, also calls himself "Captain America" very briefly in Captain America #179 (November, 1974).
"Roscoe" becomes "Captain America" in Captain America #181 (January, 1975). He is killed in action by the Red Skull in Captain America #183.
John Walker, later known as
U.S. Agent, serves as Captain America in Captain America #336-350. He later claims the title again in the 2004-2005
New Invaders series, despite the fact that Rogers is also active in the role at the time.
The Anti-Cap, a mysterious character wearing a version of the Captain America costume who appears in Captain America and the Falcon.
Frank Castle, following Steve Rogers' death, has changed his traditional skull shirt and trenchcoat uniform to an amalgamation of Captain America's uniform and his own to fight the new
Hate-Monger, who is also using a Captain America themed costume, under Captain America's name.
Clint Barton, the former Hawkeye very briefly took up the mantle at the request of
Tony Stark in the 2007 miniseries Fallen Son.